A.14 Atmosphere

summary table at the end of each program element. For technical assistance with NSPIRES, please contact the NSPIRES Help Desk at nspires-help@nasaprs.com or (202) 479-9376, Monday through Friday, 8:00 AM – 6:00 PM ET For technical assistance with Grants.gov, call the customer support hotline 24 hours per day, 7 days per week (except federal holidays) at (800) 518-4726 or email support@grants.gov.

iii B. Eligibility 1. Eligibility: Unless otherwise specified in a program element, all organizations of all types are eligible to propose, but not all can receive funding, see Section III. However, see below regarding the People’s Republic of China (PRC). 2. Cost Sharing: Unless otherwise specified in a program element, cost sharing is not required, see Section III(d). 3. Other Eligibility Criteria: Participation in ROSES-funded research by non-U.S. organizations is welcome on a "no exchange of funds" basis, see Section III(b). Moreover, proposals from or involving bilateral participation by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) are prohibited, see Section III(c). C. Program Description Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) is an omnibus NOFO containing many active proposal opportunities each with its own topics and schedule that, together, solicit research and technology development activities across NASA’s Science Mission Directorate (SMD). The first five appendices of ROSES correspond to the five Science Divisions of SMD and they are: • The Earth Science Research, Applied Sciences, Technology, and Data Systems Programs sponsor integrative research to understand the Earth system and its climate, integrate and advance knowledge of the Earth as a system to meet the challenges of environmental change, strengthen our Nation, and improve life for all people (Appendix A). • The Heliophysics Research Program sponsors research to understand the Sun and its interactions with the Earth and the Solar System, including space weather (Appendix B). • The Planetary Science Research Program sponsors research to explore the Solar System to study its origins and evolution, including the origins of life within it (Appendix C). • The Astrophysics Research Program sponsors research to explore the Universe from the search for extrasolar planets to the origin, evolution, structure, and destiny of the Universe itself (Appendix D). • The Biological and Physical Sciences Research Program sponsors research to understand how biological and physical systems respond to and accommodate spaceflight environments (Appendix E). In addition, there are topics solicited that pertain to more than one of these five divisions above (e.g., Exoplanets Research). This cross-division research is in Appendix F. For a full list of all of the program elements in ROSES-25 see https://solicitation.nasaprs.com/ROSES2025table3

iv D. Application Format and Contents 1. Format All program elements in ROSES require the s